![]() ![]() Side effects of increased amino acid intake Then I will examine in an alphabetic order what side effects can be induced by increased intake of a specific amino acid. First, I will try to outline general risks of excessive amino acid intake. The aim of the present article is to examine side effects of increased dietary intake of amino acids, which are commonly used as a dietary supplement. A growing problem, which this article will not address, is the frequent content of anabolic steroids in supplements that are non-standard, counterfeit and deliberately manufactured to imitate a legitimate product. However, well controlled studies on adverse effects of increased intake of specific amino acids on humans are rare. Several amino acids are recommended or investigated in therapy of muscle wasting disorders, sepsis, multiple trauma, liver cirrhosis, renal insufficiency, eczema, and ageing-related disorders. ![]() Humans also consume amino acids to support immune system, improve memory, ameliorate depression, prevent headaches, and to help insomniacs. These are mainly athletes and bodybuilders who use amino acids and their derivatives to increase muscle mass and strength and delay the onset of fatigue. There are many people who consume chronically high amounts of amino acids as a dietary supplement. Studies are also needed to examine adaptive response to a long-term intake of any substance and consequences of discontinuation of supplementation. These include elderly, childhood, pregnancy, nursing a baby, and medical condition, such as diabetes and liver disease. Further research is necessary to elucidate effects of high doses and long-term consumption of amino acid supplements on immune system, brain function, muscle protein balance, synthesis of toxic metabolites, and tumor growth and examine their suitability under certain circumstances. In the article is shown that enhanced intake of most amino acid supplements may not be risk-free and can cause a number of detrimental side effects. In alphabetic order are examined arginine, β-alanine, branched-chain amino acids, carnosine, citrulline, creatine, glutamine, histidine, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, leucine, and tryptophan. In addition to toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, attention is focused on renal and gastrointestinal tract functions, ammonia production, and consequences of a competition with other amino acids for a carrier at the cell membranes and enzymes responsible for their degradation. The aim of the article is to examine side effects of increased dietary intake of amino acids, which are commonly used as a dietary supplement.
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